The 1930s
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| Google books | books.google.com |
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| Originally published | 2015 |
| Authors | Stephen Feinstein |
| Date of Reg. | |
| Date of Upd. | |
| ID | 2063379 |
About The 1930s
Dust storms ravaged the Great Plains, and the economy crashed, leaving thousands unemployed, homeless, and hungry. Nazism began its rise to power in Germany, and a hurricane devastated New England. The 1930s were a time of enormous devastation, but also of great progress. . . .
Russian memorials to victims of Stalin vanish
... For the past nine years, more than 700 plaques have been put up in Russia and elsewhere, commemorating the final residences of people who died in Stalin s purges in The 1930S...
Rock in a hard place: France-Spain border residents angry over road blocks
... Tens of thousands of Spaniards fled along this route to France during the Spanish Civil War in The 1930S, while many allied forces and Jews escaped in the other direction during the Nazi occupation...
Antisemitic graffiti in Paris worries French leaders
...Stars of David have been found graffitied on buildings in the Paris area, in acts that political leaders have said " recall The 1930S"...
Léopold Sédar Senghor: Senegal delays auction in France
... He was a distinguished poet who pioneered Négritude - an anti-colonialist movement that championed African cultures - alongside Martinican poet Aimé Cesairé while a student in Paris in The 1930S...
Kuda Bux: The Indian magician who charmed the West with his 'X-ray eyes'
... But what if his eyes were covered with lumps of dough, thick swabs of cotton and several layers of gauze - and he had multiple layers of bandages wound tightly around his head in such a way that only his nostrils were left exposed? Kuda Bux, who was born in Kashmir in 1905, was famous for performing this cycling feat on streets of England and Europe in The 1930S and 40s - something he claimed he was able to do because he could " see without eyes"...
Man, 94, finds father's beloved classic car on auction site
... Malcolm Stern, from Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, chanced on The 1930S Talbot Barracq while trying to recreate a 3D model...
Israel Gaza: Antisemitic incidents 'triple in UK' since Hamas attack
... He compared the ideology of Hamas to that of the Nazis in The 1930S and 40s...
Keir Starmer: Labour leader hoping for keys to Downing Street
... With a general election rapidly approaching, he will be hoping that deliberate positioning will help his party win power again, four years after suffering its worst result since The 1930S...
The man who is rich in data, the years before Google
Amazon, Alphabet, Alibaba, Facebook, Tencent - Five of The World 's 10 most valuable companies in less than 25 years Old - and all have rich, in their own way on Data .
No wonder. Only in 2011, Five of The Top 10 Oil companies. Now, only ExxonMobil clings to.
Data can be used many times, the Oil only once.
But Data such as Oil -in that the raw, is the raw stuff of much use to anyone.
You have to process it to something of value. You Refine to make Oil diesel to use it in a Motor. to analyze
With the Data You need, in order to put findings can be the basis for decisions - the ad to insert in a Social Media timeline, the search result at The Top of the page.
imagine You have only one of these decisions were asked.
Someone is watching a video on YouTube, which of the, in the possession of the Alphabet. What The System should suggest to You that You watch next? Pique gets your interest and YouTube to serve You , a further display. Lose your attention, and You click away.
You need all the Data . You are watching any other YouTube video that You have ever seen - what are You interested in? Now, look at what other users have gone on to watch After This video.
You weigh the options, the calculation of the probabilities. If You choose wisely, and You will see a different display, well done - You 've got the Alphabet deserves all of, Oh, maybe 20 cents (15p).
Clearly, the would be on the people, in order to process Data incredibly inefficient. These business machines need to be models.
In the Data -economy, power comes not from the Data alone, but from the interplay of Data and algorithms.
highlights of the inventions, ideas and innovations that contributed to the economic world.
It is with the broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find and or.
In the 1880s, a young German-American inventor tries to interest His Family in a machine to process Data faster than humans could control.
Herman Hollerith had designed, The Machine needed the money to test it.
image-something that looks a bit like a piano, but instead of the buttons, it has punched a slot for cards, about the size of a Dollar Bill , with holes in them.
Herman Hollerith the tabulator and sorter box, used for the 1890 United States census40 dials, which may or may not tick up after You put each new card are Facing You .
Herman Hollerith 's family didn't get it. To invest far from rushing to, she laughed at him. Hollerith not forgive apparently - he cut her off. His children were grown up, with no idea You had relatives on her father's side.
Hollerith invention, responded to a very specific problem. Every 10 years, the US government is a national led count. That was Nothing New . Governments through the ages, wanted to know who lives where and who to help with anything, raise taxes and find conscripts.
But to ask if You are going to send a small army of enumerators throughout the country, it must be tempting, a wider and wider range of things. What jobs do people do? Any illnesses or disabilities? What languages can You speak?
Knowledge is power, as the 19Th Century bureaucrats understood, as well as 21St Century platform company.
However, with the 1880 census, the bureaucrats more Data than they could digest had swallowed.
The census was also extended to libraries, nursing homes, crime statistics, and many other topics. In 1870, the census had Five different types of questionnaire. In 1880, 215 had it.
It was soon begin to clear the add the answers would take years - they were hardly finished, this census, if it is time for the next one.
A lucrative contract with the government certainly awaited anyone who could speed up The Process .
the Boy Herman worked had, in the 1880 census, so he had understood the problem.
He had decided to try his fortune by the invention of a new type of brakes for trains. As it happened, a train ride instead helped him to solve the census problem.
train tickets were often stolen. So railway companies found an ingenious way to link to the person You had bought a "punch photograph".
head to a hole-punch, to choose from a number of physical descriptors - as Hollerith: recalls "light hair, Dark Eyes , big nose, et cetera. "If a dark-haired, small nose, the villain of the ticket, he would not get far.
And according to the observation of this system, Hollerith the responses of people to the census questions realized it could also be represented as holes in cards.
This could solve the problem, because the hole cards were used to control machines since the early 1800S the Jacquard loom woven patterned fabric based on these.
Weaver and inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard had to do with the Demonstration of his loom, complete with hole cards with the pattern instructionsAll Hollerith, was to add a "tabulating machine" to the census of hole cards, which he envisaged.
the piano-like apparatus, a series of spring-loaded pins on the map, where they found a hole, it completed an electrical circuit, the moves, the corresponding dial-up by.
fortunately for Hollerith, the bureaucrats were impressed by more than His Family . She rents to count his machines, the 1890 census, had added to them, even more questionnaires.
compared with the Old system, Hollerith machine proved four years and millions of dollars cheaper.
more importantly, they made it easier to interrogate the Data . Suppose You wanted to find, people over the age of 40 to 45, married and working as a carpenter. No need to scour the 200 tons of paperwork - just The Machine Set Up and run the cards.
More things, who saw the modern economy:the governments soon You uses far beyond the census.
"anywhere in The World ," says historian Adam Tooze , "the bureaucrats, the dream of Omniscience , were inspired,. "America 's first Social Security benefits paid out were on punch cards in The 1930S .
to see The Following decade,
companies were quick to the potential. Insurers punched cards for insurance uses mathematical calculations, utilities for the billing, the Railways, the shipping, the manufacturer to track sales and costs.
Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company has been a roaring trade. You may have heard of The Company , which, through mergers, it eventually became IBM.
It remained a market leader, such as punch cards gave way to magnetic storage, and tabulating machines and programmable computers. It was still on The List of The World 's 10 largest companies a few years ago.
But if The Power of the Data , it became apparent Hollerith customers why the information economy to come to a different century?
voice-activated smart speaker do not capture increasing amounts of Data About UsBecause it collect Something New about the nature of the Data , the need of currently being in comparison to Oil - the likes of Google and Amazon, an army of enumerators to.
the trail behind us every time we turn on our smartphones, or ask Alexa to The Light .
This type of Data is not so neatly structured as the answers to census questions are precision-punched in the Hollerith cards. This makes it more difficult to make sense of it. But there are unimaginably much more. to improve
And as algorithms, and, more and more of our lives are lived online, and the bureaucratic dream of Omniscience is quick to corporate reality.
The author writes the Financial Times Undercover Economist column. the show is on the BBC World Service. You can find and or
privacy, data protection, facebook, google
Source of news: bbc.com